History and Culture of Medieval Italy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History and Culture of Medieval Italy - Essay Example For more than four centuries Italians were struggling to preserve their identity. Italy cannot be referred to it as merely the geographic unity, it is the national identity shaped and modified by culture of Medieval Italy which evolved into the nation known as "Italians" to the world today. From the early medieval ages, Italians were different from their neighbours. They preferred to live on the tops of the hills, while the Romans lived in the valleys (Hodges 47). Based on the interpretation of the medieval monastic sources, hilltop villages evolved along with the Italian life out of the introduction of the monetary economy in the 9th century. This transformation has led to the process of incastellamento - the foundation of castelli on the top of the hills. Notably, Italian cities had the tendency not to grow, but to reduce as well. Unlike many other Italian urban centres, Florence's growth has declined in the 7th and 8th centuries, while Rome and Milan became the centres occupied only by aristocracy. Rural estates and houses of aristocracy were built in the distinct towns. Hodges continues that "the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 6th century led to the rural communities of the peasants reshaping the landscape and defining their own rules" (48). The economy activity in rural regions was insignificant and there is the evidence that town and country were truly separated in economic, social and political life. Even though Italy was the distinct community with common heritage, culture was embraced by only a handful of intellectuals – Dante, Petrarch, historian Guicciardini, and few others. ... Their works were the bonds of material and emotional importance which linked together the peninsular inhabitants and counterbalanced its fragmented structure. "While the Latin language had been replaced by a cluster of regional dialects, it remained the standard mode of discourse of university education and of the professions of law, medicine, and theology" (Brucker 1). In addition to common language, Italians shared the same administration of justice - it was based on the principles of Roman law and applied in every Italian court. The power of Roman papacy in Italy was due to its wealth, administrative structure, and regulation of religious practices and beliefs. Despite of the great influence of Roman Empire over the Italy, Italian cities and towns managed to retain the physical features of those ancient sites. A native of Naples could travel to any other city and feel at home: the buildings, the streets, the social structure and culture were all the same (Brucker 1). Traders were the most cosmopolitan segment of the medieval Italy and travelled along with the pilgrims, soldiers seeking employment and workers. Such unity with the citizens without permanent place of living and similarity of all towns, helped to create the feeling of belonging to the community larger than their native village. The Roman papacy was the only Italian institution that provided the focus on the Italian history in the early medieval ages. The papacy had the direct influence on the every region and medieval popes were so preoccupied with the concerns for their security as well as with the expanding authority over the whole society, that they unwillingly shaped the Italian national identity.

Global business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Global business - Essay Example Along with this, the level of sustainability of the organization also gets enhanced to a significant extent in the market among other rival players. Moreover, as sustainability is the most essential criterion of any organization, in this age of extreme rivalry, most of the organizations desire to recruit, experienced and talented leaders or managers. This is because; these leaders or managers of the organizations act as the catalyst in developing extremely creative and inventive products or services that might satisfy the needs and requirements of the customers. Along with this, the competitive position of the organization or the entrepreneur also gets improved in the entire market thereby amplifying its brand value and equity among others. As a result, the threat of the contenders also gets reduced thereby amplifying the level of dominancy and equity in the market in long run. Thus, it might be depicted that the generation of idea to develop inventive products or services is entirel y dependent over the mental capability and intelligence power of the leaders or managers. ... Other than this, a leader is an individual, who steps up in challenging situations so as to mitigate it in an effective way. Not only this, he is also responsible for presenting varied types of information and facts to all other employees and staffs so as to analyse their desires and wishes, prior implementing any policy or regulation (Von Stamm, 2008, pp. 389-490). Apart from this, leadership is also described as an ability to maintain a good interpersonal relationship among the employees of the organization thereby reducing the conflicts and clashes. Therefore, leadership might be described as an inherent quality that may not be taught or learned but might be enhanced through various situational changes and conditions. Hence, leadership style or leaders might be stated as one of the most essential requirements of the organizations operating in recent age, in order to tackle risky situations or challenging threats. Role of leadership in corporate organization In order to cope up wit h the changing needs and demands of the market, innovation is the most essential requirement. This is because; invention of varied types of products or services might prove effective for a corporate organization to enhance its dominance and reputation in the market among others. Along with this, the level of profit margin and equity of the organization might also get amplified thereby reducing the threat of substitute products. However, it might be possible, only if the organization or the corporate comprises of an enthusiastic and confident leader. This is because; presence of such type of a leader or leadership qualities might motivate and stimulate the employees or the followers of the organization to develop varied types of value-added products or services in order to cope up